Luxembourg
The Luxembourgish higher education system is centred on the University of Luxembourg, which is the only higher education institution with university status in Luxembourg.
Recent developments:
- There has been a continued decrease in the number of staff with civil servant status who now comprise less than 10% of staff
Organisational autonomy: low
The law prescribes the selection criteria for the executive head and their term of office. It also specifies the procedure for their dismissal. Both the appointment and dismissal of the executive head require the confirmation of an external authority. All the members of the main decision-making body are external to the university and they are all appointed by an external authority. Academic structures are outlined in law.
Financial autonomy: high
The university freely allocates funding internally on the basis of a four-year financial agreement. It requires the approval of an external authority to keep surpluses, borrow money and sell buildings. It freely decides on the level of tuition fees at all levels.
Academic autonomy: high
The university decides on overall student numbers and on student admission at all levels, as well as on the language of instruction. It can introduce new programmes autonomously and undergoes institutional accreditation.
Staffing autonomy: high
The university freely recruits senior academic and administrative staff. Phasing-out of the civil servant status means that the university can set salaries with increasing autonomy. There are no specific regulations for dismissals. Promotions for academic staff are only possible if there is a post available at a higher level.
Organisational weighted 34% unweighted 35%
0% Selection procedure for the executive head
The selection of the executive head is validated by an external authority
This applies to 11 other countries: Brandenburg, Hungary, Iceland, Italy, Latvia, The Netherlands, North Rhine-Westphalia, Slovakia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland
75% Selection criteria for the executive head
The law states that the executive head must hold an academic position
40% Dismissal of the executive head
The dismissal is confirmed by an external authority and the procedure is stated in the law
This applies to 5 other countries: Brandenburg, Iceland, Latvia, Slovakia, Spain
0% Term of office of the executive head
The exact length is stated in the law
29% External members in university governing bodies
Universities cannot decide as they must include external members
This applies to 23 other countries: Austria, Croatia, Denmark, Finland, Flanders, France, Wallonia, Hesse, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Lithuania, The Netherlands, North Rhine-Westphalia, Norway, Portugal, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland
The appointment is completely controlled by an external authority
This applies to 5 other countries: Hungary, The Netherlands, Serbia, Spain, Switzerland
0% Capacity to decide on academic structures
Faculties/other academic structures are listed in the law
100% Capacity to create legal entities
Universities can create legal entities without constraints
This applies to 18 other countries: Austria, Brandenburg, Croatia, Estonia, Finland, Flanders, France, Wallonia, Hesse, Hungary, Italy, Lithuania, The Netherlands, North Rhine-Westphalia, Norway, Serbia, Spain, United Kingdom
Financial weighted 91% unweighted 93%
100% Length of public funding cycle
More than one year
This applies to 2 other countries: Austria, Brandenburg,
100% Type of public funding
Block grant and there are no restrictions on the allocation of funding
This applies to 15 other countries: Brandenburg, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, Flanders, Hesse, Iceland, Italy, Latvia, The Netherlands, North Rhine-Westphalia, Norway, Spain, Switzerland, United Kingdom
80% Ability to borrow money
Universities can borrow money with the approval of an external authority
80% Ability to keep surplus
Surplus can be kept but the approval of an external authority is needed
60% Ability to own buildings
Universities can sell their buildings with the approval of an external authority
This applies to 5 other countries: Croatia, Iceland, Norway, Slovenia, Switzerland
100% Tuition fees for national/EU students at Bachelor level
Universities are free to set the level of tuition fees
100% Tuition fees for national/EU students at Master's level
Universities are free to set the level of tuition fees
100% Tuition fees for national/EU students at doctoral level
Universities are free to set the level of tuition fees
This applies to 8 other countries: Croatia, Ireland, Latvia, Lithuania, The Netherlands, Portugal, Serbia, United Kingdom
100% Tuition fees for non-EU students at Bachelor level
Universities are free to set the level of tuition fees
100% Tuition fees for non-EU students at Master's level
Universities are free to set the level of tuition fees
100% Tuition fees for non-EU students at doctoral level
Staffing weighted 94% unweighted 95%
100% Recruitment procedures for senior academic staff
Recruitments are carried out freely by universities
This applies to 17 other countries: Austria, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, Flanders, Hesse, Iceland, Lithuania, The Netherlands, North Rhine-Westphalia, Norway, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Sweden, Switzerland, United Kingdom
100% Recruitment procedures for senior administrative staff
Recruitments are carried out freely by universities
This applies to 20 other countries: Austria, Brandenburg, Estonia, Finland, Flanders, Wallonia, Hesse, Hungary, Iceland, Latvia, Lithuania, The Netherlands, North Rhine-Westphalia, Norway, Poland, Slovakia, Slovenia, Sweden, Switzerland, United Kingdom
100% Salaries for senior academic staff
Universities can freely decide on staff salaries
This applies to 4 other countries: Estonia, Latvia, Sweden, Switzerland
100% Salaries for senior administrative staff
Universities can freely decide on staff salaries
This applies to 5 other countries: Estonia, Lithuania, Sweden, Switzerland, United Kingdom
100% Dismissal of senior academic staff
There are no sector-specific regulations concerning dismissals (national labour regulations apply)
This applies to 8 other countries: Denmark, Estonia, Finland, Latvia, Lithuania, Sweden, Switzerland, United Kingdom
100% Dismissal of senior administrative staff
There are no sector-specific regulations concerning dismissals (national labour regulations apply)
57% Promotion procedures for senior academic staff
Promotions are only possible if there is a post at a higher level
100% Promotion procedures for senior administrative staff
Universities can freely decide on promotion procedures
This applies to 13 other countries: Austria, Estonia, Finland, Flanders, Iceland, Latvia, The Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Slovakia, Sweden, Switzerland, United Kingdom
Academic weighted 89% unweighted 92%
100% Overall student numbers
Universities decide independently on the number of study places
100% Admissions procedures at Bachelor level
Admission criteria are set by the university
100% Admissions procedures at Master's level
Admission criteria are set by the university
100% Introduction of programmes at Bachelor level
Universities can open degree programmes without prior accreditation
This applies to 7 other countries: Austria, Ireland, Norway, Poland, Sweden, Switzerland, United Kingdom
100% Introduction of programmes at Master's level
Universities can open degree programmes without prior accreditation
This applies to 7 other countries: Austria, Ireland, Norway, Poland, Sweden, Switzerland, United Kingdom
100% Introduction of programmes at doctoral level
Universities can open degree programmes without prior accreditation
This applies to 12 other countries: Austria, Brandenburg, Denmark, Flanders, Hesse, Ireland, The Netherlands, North Rhine-Westphalia, Norway, Sweden, Switzerland, United Kingdom
100% Termination of degree programmes
Universities can terminate degree programmes independently
100% Language of instruction at Bachelor level
Universities can choose the language of instruction for all programmes
This applies to 19 other countries: Austria, Brandenburg, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, Hesse, Hungary, Ireland, Italy, The Netherlands, North Rhine-Westphalia, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Slovakia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, United Kingdom
100% Language of instruction at Master's level
Universities can choose the language of instruction for all programmes
This applies to 20 other countries: Austria, Brandenburg, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, Hesse, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, The Netherlands, North Rhine-Westphalia, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Slovakia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, United Kingdom
100% Selection of quality assurance mechanisms
Universities cannot select quality assurance mechanisms
0% Selection of quality assurance providers
Universities cannot choose the quality assurance agency
100% Capacity to design content of degree programmes
Universities can freely design the content of degree programmes and courses (other than for the regulated professions)
This applies to 25 other countries: Austria, Brandenburg, Croatia, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, Flanders, France, Wallonia, Hesse, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, The Netherlands, North Rhine-Westphalia, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, United Kingdom